英語八大時(shí)態(tài)：

1

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞原形

1. 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與表頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用：

She often speaks English.

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2. 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺等：

He seems to feel a bit down today.

He works as a driver.

3. 表示真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于格言警句中：

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

Columbus proved that the earth is round.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

4. 表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作：

Here comes the bus!

5. 表示將來

1) 表按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng)、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的趨向動(dòng)詞），可以與表示未來的時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通狀況。如：

The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.

How often does the shuttle bus run?

2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來發(fā)生的事情：

When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.

I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.

2

一般過去時(shí)

標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞過去式

*閉音節(jié)：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來的音則稱為開音節(jié)，否則稱為閉音節(jié)。

1. 表示過去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如：

Jim rang you just now.

Liu Ying was in America last year.

2. 表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，特別是used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過去常常。如：

When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.

She used to visit her mother once a week.

*注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.（某人過去常常做某事，此處to是動(dòng)詞不定式標(biāo)志符號）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人習(xí)慣于某物/做某事，此處to是介詞）。

3. 代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。此用法僅適用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would。如：

I wondered if you could have a word with me.

I hoped you could help me with my English.

Would you mind my sitting here?

4. 虛擬語氣中用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有：

It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了”

would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事”

3

一般將來時(shí)

標(biāo)志：will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形

1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：

We shall have a lot of rain next month.

My husband will come back in a few days.

2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性：

Fish will die without water.

When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.

3. 一般將來時(shí)的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析：

1) will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形

多用于表達(dá)主觀愿望或必定會發(fā)生的事情（“將會如何”）

*shall作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般只用于第一人稱

2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形

表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事：

It is going to rain.

We are going to have a meeting today.

3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形

表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：

He is to visit Japan next year.

We are to discuss the report on Monday.

4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形

表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“馬上要做某事”，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語，如：

The plane is about to start.

Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.

4

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

標(biāo)志：be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

1. 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：

She is writing a letter upstairs.

Who are you waiting for?

It is raining hard.

2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行）：

I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.

3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.

He is always thinking of others first.

4. 表示將來

1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：

Uncle Wang is coming.

They're leaving for Beijing.

2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情。如：

Please drop in when you are passing my way.

If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.

5

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

標(biāo)志：was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

1. 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：

I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.

They were watching TV at home last night.

2. 表示過去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

My brother was always losing his keys.

3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：

He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.

4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)有一個(gè)主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景（一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生）：

Granny fell asleep when she was reading.

It was raining when they left the station.

6

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞

1. 表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況（表示“已完成”）。如：

He has left the city. （結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市）

Someone has broken the window. （結(jié)果：窗戶破了）

2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去（表示“未完成”）。

I have been busy since last week.

He has taught in our school for 30 years.

I’ve finished half so far.

注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如：

She hasn’t seen you for ages.

His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

3. 表示過去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：

I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.

5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見詞語

能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：

1) since 自從

I have been there many times since the war.

We haven’t seen each other since last week.

We have been friends ever since.

2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中

I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

I have been here (for) the last/past month.

3) so far 到目前為止

We haven’t had any trouble so far.

So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止

Up to now he’s been quiet.

Up to now, the work has been easy.

I have heard nothing from him up till now.

Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…

It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

6) This is + 形容詞最高級 + that … 這是最…

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系；

而一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去，不涉及對現(xiàn)在的影響。如：

I have seen this film. （我已經(jīng)看過了這部電影）

I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的這部電影）

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆沒有時(shí)間狀語；

而一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。

3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（如live, teach, work, know等）；

而一般過去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：

He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析

1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如：

(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

(√) He has been dead for two years.

(√) He died two years ago.

(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。

(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。

(√) She has been married for three years.

(√) She married Mike three years ago.

2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了），have gone to表示到某地去了（現(xiàn)在還沒回來）。如：

She has been to Paris (three times).

She has gone to Paris.

7

過去完成時(shí)

標(biāo)志：had + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞

1. 表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。如：

By the end of last week he had finished the work.

He had left when I arrived.

2. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：

We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.

The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.

3. 某些表意向的動(dòng)詞（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的過去完成時(shí)表示主語未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望、打算。如：

I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

4. （虛擬語氣）在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中，使用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如：

The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.

I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.

5. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)

1) 基本區(qū)別：過去完成時(shí)表示以過去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如：

He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)（離現(xiàn)在兩年）

He said he had studied there two years before.他說他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)過。（離他說話時(shí)兩年）

2) 特別注意：兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如果按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。如：

When she saw the mouse, she screamed.

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

8

過去將來時(shí)

標(biāo)志：would + 動(dòng)詞原形

1. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用于主句為過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。如：

He said he would come here next Friday.

I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.

2. 表示過去的動(dòng)作習(xí)慣或傾向：

The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.

When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.

3. 用于虛擬語氣中：

If I were you, I would not do that.

If he were here, he would show us how to do it.

4. 過去將來時(shí)的其他形式

1) was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：

He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.

She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.

2) was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：

The building was to be completed next month.

Li Lei was to arrive soon.

3) was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：

We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.

He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.

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