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RE3 UNIT 1 The Game of The World 

全世界的游戲---

課文邏輯嚴(yán)密地描述了足球得以如此廣泛傳播的各種原因，希望能給你帶來新的思路和歸納性啟發(fā)！

課本上的一個大力神杯，讓喜歡足球的讀者心潮澎湃！這篇我們就來補(bǔ)充世界杯的歷史。

The development of football 

The development of modern football was closely tied to processes of industrialization and urbanization in Victorian Britain. 

現(xiàn)代足球的發(fā)展是維多利亞時代英國的工業(yè)化和城市化進(jìn)程的產(chǎn)物。

Most of the new working-class inhabitants of Britain’s industrial towns and cities gradually lost their old bucolic pastimes, such as badger-baiting, and sought fresh forms of collective leisure.

英國工業(yè)城鎮(zhèn)和城市的新工人階級居民大多數(shù)逐漸失去了他們古老的田園消遣方式，比如捉獾，轉(zhuǎn)而尋求新的集體休閑方式。

From the 1850s onward, industrial workers were increasingly likely to have Saturday afternoons off work, and so many turned to the new game of football to watch or to play. 

從19世紀(jì)50年代開始，工業(yè)工人越來越有可能在周六下午不工作，因此許多人轉(zhuǎn)向觀看或比賽新的足球比賽。

Key urban institutions such as churches, trade unions, and schools organized working-class boys and men into recreational football teams. 

休閑足球隊(duì)的成員主要來自城市機(jī)構(gòu)，如教堂、工會和學(xué)校，工人階級。

The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class. Unprecedented amounts of spectators, up to 30,000, would see the big matches in the late 19th century. 

這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動最初是英國工人階級的娛樂活動。在19世紀(jì)末，觀看大型比賽的觀眾人數(shù)達(dá)到了空前的3萬人。

The game would soon expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of the world. Especially in South America and India would the interest in football become big.

這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動很快被英國人擴(kuò)展到世界其他地方。特別是在南美和印度，人們對足球的興趣會越來越大。

Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and without official status. It is therefore hard to decide which the first football club was.

足球俱樂部自15世紀(jì)就存在了，但沒有組織，也沒有正式的地位。因此，很難確定第一個足球俱樂部是哪個。

Some historians suggest that it was the Foot-Ball Club formed 1824 in Edinburgh. Early clubs were often formed by former school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield in 1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club Notts County that was formed in 1862 and still exists today.

一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為第一個俱樂部是1824年在愛丁堡成立的足球俱樂部。早期的俱樂部通常由以前的學(xué)生組成，第一個這樣的俱樂部于1855年在謝菲爾德成立。職業(yè)足球俱樂部中最古老的是英國的諾茨郡俱樂部，它成立于1862年，至今仍然存在。

FIFA, or Federation Internationale de Football Association, is an organization founded in 1904 by representatives of seven European countries: France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. 

國際足聯(lián)，又稱國際足球聯(lián)合會，是由七個歐洲國家的代表于1904年創(chuàng)立的組織:法國、比利時、丹麥、荷蘭、西班牙、瑞典和瑞士。

They codified the rules of the game in international matches and organized competitions. However, they did not originally envision hosting a World Cup event.

他們制定國際比賽的比賽規(guī)則并組織比賽。然而，他們最初并沒有打算舉辦世界杯。

Before the World Cup was inaugurated, the football tournament arranged as part of the Summer Olympics was given the most prestige.

在世界杯開幕之前，作為夏季奧運(yùn)會的一部分而安排的足球錦標(biāo)賽被賦予了最高的威望。

But in the 1920s, the game was facing a transition to professionalism that wasn't consistent with the Olympic spirit. Therefore, the government body, FIFA, made plans to organize a World Cup.

但在20世紀(jì)20年代，這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動面臨著向職業(yè)化的轉(zhuǎn)變，這與奧林匹克精神并不相符。因此，政府機(jī)構(gòu)FIFA制定了舉辦世界杯的計劃。

The decision of arranging the first edition was officially declared on May 26, 1928.

1928年5月26日，F(xiàn)IFA決定正式宣布第一屆世界杯。

The first official World Cup was played in Uruguay 1930, and since when the tournament has been held every fourth year (with exceptions for interruption due to the Second World War).

第一屆正式的世界杯是1930年在烏拉圭舉行的，從那時起，世界杯每四年舉行一次(因二戰(zhàn)而中斷的除外)。

The Summer Olympic football competitions would be a mark of which the best national teams were before 1930. The Olympic tournaments consisted, however, only of amateur teams – the World Cup became the "real deal".

在1930年以前，夏季奧林匹克足球比賽是最好的國家球隊(duì)的標(biāo)志。然而，今天奧運(yùn)會的比賽僅僅由業(yè)余球隊(duì)組成——世界杯成為了“真正的比賽”。

FUN FACTS ABOUT WORLD CUP

Brazil has made the most consecutive World Cups, appearing in all 21 tournaments.巴西是連續(xù)21屆世界杯參賽人數(shù)最多的國家。

Only eight nations have won the World Cup; Brazil, Italy, Germany (also as West Germany), Argentina, Uruguay, England, Spain and France.

只有8個國家贏得了世界杯;巴西、意大利、德國(也稱西德)、阿根廷、烏拉圭、英國、西班牙和法國。

Brazil holds the record for most World Cup titles, with five. Runners-up Italy and Germany has won four.

巴西保持著獲得世界杯冠軍最多的記錄，有5個。亞軍意大利和德國獲得了四次。

No country has won the World Cup three times consecutively; Italy (1934, 1938) and Brazil (1958, 1962) have both won back-to back championships.

還沒有哪個國家連續(xù)三次奪得世界杯冠軍;意大利(1934年，1938年)和巴西(1958年，1962年)都連續(xù)奪冠。

The highest scoring game in World Cup history was in 1954, when Austria defeated Switzerland 7-5.

世界杯歷史上進(jìn)球最多的比賽發(fā)生在1954年，當(dāng)時奧地利以7比5擊敗瑞士。

Out of the 208 FIFA member nations, 204 attempted to qualify for the 2010 World Cup.

在國際足聯(lián)208個成員國中，有204個國家試圖獲得參加2010年世界杯的資格。

The all-time leading scorer in the World Cup is Germany’s Miroslav Klose, with 16 goals

世界杯歷史上進(jìn)球最多的是德國的克洛澤，他進(jìn)了16個球

The record for most individual goals in a tournament is held by France’s Just Fonatine, with 13. He played in just one World Cup (1958), but that single outing is good enough to place him fourth on the all-time career goals list.

世界杯上個人進(jìn)球最多的紀(jì)錄是由法國的Just Fonatine保持的，進(jìn)球13個。他只參加過1958年的世界杯，但這一場比賽足以讓他在職業(yè)生涯進(jìn)球榜上排名第四。

Brazilian superstar Pelé is the only player to have won three World Cup championships. His 1958 World Cup debut resulted in a number of long-standing records; youngest goal scorer, youngest player to score a hat trick and the youngest player to appear in a final, at the tender age of 17 years and 249 days.

巴西巨星貝利是唯一一位三次奪得世界杯冠軍的球員。1958年他的世界杯處子秀創(chuàng)造了多項(xiàng)紀(jì)錄;最年輕的進(jìn)球者，最年輕的帽子戲法球員和最年輕的進(jìn)入決賽的球員，年僅17歲零249天。

No other sport event can compete in significance: the latest FIFA World Cup reached over three billion television viewers worldwide and one billion watched the final.

沒有任何一項(xiàng)體育賽事能與之媲美:最近一屆國際足聯(lián)世界杯(FIFA World Cup)的全球電視觀眾超過30億，其中有10億人觀看了決賽。

“大力神杯”的歷史

The World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup association football tournament. Since the advent of the World Cup in 1930, two trophies have been used: the Jules Rimet Trophy from 1930 to 1970, and the FIFA World Cup Trophy from 1974 to the present-day.

世界杯獎杯時頒發(fā)給國際足聯(lián)世界杯足球比賽冠軍的金制獎杯。自1930年世界杯問世以來，一共用過兩個獎杯：1930年到1970年的雷米特杯和1974年至今的國際足聯(lián)世界杯獎杯(即大力神杯)。

The first trophy, originally named Victory, but later renamed in honor of former FIFA president Jules Rimet, was made of gold plated sterling silver and lapis lazuli and depicted Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. The Brazilian team won the tournament for the third time in 1970, allowing them to keep the real trophy in perpetuity, as had been stipulated by Jules Rimet in 1930. The Jules Rimet Trophy was stolen from Brazilian Football Confederation headquarters in 1983 and never recovered.

第一個獎杯原名叫勝利獎杯，后來為了紀(jì)念國際足聯(lián)前主席朱爾斯?雷米特而改名為雷米特杯。該獎杯為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)純銀和青金石鍍金鑄成，造型為希臘神話中的勝利女神——尼克。巴西在1970年第三次捧得獎杯，按照雷米特在1930年制定的規(guī)則，巴西可以永久擁有這個獎杯。1983年，該獎杯在巴西足聯(lián)總部被盜，至今下落不明。

The subsequent trophy, called the "FIFA World Cup Trophy", was introduced in 1974. Made of 18 karat gold with a malachite base, it stands 36.8 centimeters high and weighs 6.1 kilograms. The trophy was designed by Italian artist Silvio Gazzaniga. It depicts two human figures holding up the Earth. Gazzaniga described the trophy thus, "The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory." The current holder of the trophy is France, winner of the 20148 World Cup.

第二個獎杯“國際足聯(lián)世界杯獎杯”于1974年推出，獎杯底座為孔雀石，杯身由18K黃金鑄成，高36.8厘米，重6.1公斤。該獎杯由意大利藝術(shù)家西爾維奧?加扎尼加設(shè)計，其造型為兩個人雙手托起地球。加扎尼加描述的設(shè)計創(chuàng)意是：“線條從底部產(chǎn)生，螺線升起，伸展開來接住地球。在勝利情緒沸騰的時刻，兩個運(yùn)動員的形象從整個杯身雕刻的動態(tài)拉伸線條中升起。”新近的大力神杯獲得者是法國，2018年世界杯冠軍。

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