選自THINK3 學(xué)生用書UNIT 5 

學(xué)到這篇課文， 你還記得我們上一個(gè)英國(guó)歷史中提到的Celts,凱爾特人嗎？

凱爾特人（Celts）： 

羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期與日耳曼人、斯拉夫人一起被羅馬人并稱為歐洲的三大蠻族，也是現(xiàn)今歐洲人的代表民族之一。 現(xiàn)今愛爾蘭人、蘇格蘭人、威爾士人、英格蘭的康沃爾人和法國(guó)的布列塔尼人，都屬于凱爾特人

那THINK這段里提到的Vikings, Normans  呢？

From the second half of the 9th century, the Norse from Scandinavia（斯堪的納維亞）started invading Europe, the Swedes taking up Eastern Europe, Russia (which they founded as a country) and the Byzantine Empire, the Norwegians raiding Scotland and Ireland, discovering and settling in the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland (and were in fact the first Europeans to set foot in America in 1000 AD), while the Danes wrought havoc throughout Western Europe, as far as North Africa.

從9世紀(jì)下半葉,北歐的挪威人開始入侵歐洲,瑞典人占領(lǐng)了東歐,俄羅斯，拜占庭帝國(guó)。挪威人襲擊蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭, 發(fā)現(xiàn)并定居了法羅群島,冰島和格陵蘭島(實(shí)際上他們是歐洲第一批踏上美洲大陸的），而丹麥人在西歐，北非造成了嚴(yán)重的破壞。

The Danes invaded the North-East of England, from Northumerland to East Anglia, and founded a new kingdom known as the Danelaw. Another group of Danes managed to take Paris, and obtain a grant of land from the King of France in 911. This area became the Duchy of Normandy, and its inhabitants were the Normans (from 'North Men' or 'Norsemen', another term for 'Viking').

丹麥人入侵了英格蘭的東北部，從thumerland到東安格利亞（古代英格蘭國(guó)家），并建立了一個(gè)新的王國(guó)，稱為Danelaw。另一群丹麥人設(shè)法占領(lǐng)了巴黎，并在911年從法國(guó)國(guó)王那里獲得了一塊土地。這個(gè)地區(qū)成為諾曼底公國(guó)，那里的居民是諾曼人(來自“北方人”或“北歐人”，其實(shí)也是“維京人”的另一種說法)。

注：

有些史學(xué)家也把“維京”稱作“海盜”，這個(gè)名字的得來主要是因?yàn)闅W洲中世紀(jì)史上波瀾壯闊的“海盜活動(dòng)”。

在人們的印象中，“海盜”就是搶劫、殺戮。但實(shí)際上，“海盜”既是一種武力搶劫活動(dòng)，又包括商業(yè)貿(mào)易、文化交流、移民拓殖等和平性的一面?！昂１I”留給人們的不只是恐怖、苦難，它也留給人們自己獨(dú)特而又珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn)。北歐民族在維京時(shí)代（700—1000）創(chuàng)造的文明被稱作“維京文明”。

注：諾曼人（Norman）指定居在法國(guó)北部（或法蘭克王國(guó)）的維京人及其后裔。諾曼人建立諾曼底公國(guó)，派軍遠(yuǎn)征意大利南部、西西里以及英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭、愛爾蘭，并向這些地區(qū)移民拓殖。

After having settled in their newly acquired land, the Normans, adopted the French feudal system and French as official language.

諾曼人在他們新獲得的土地上定居后，采用了法國(guó)的封建制度和法語作為官方語言。

During that time, the Kings of Wessex had resisted and eventually vanquished the Danes in England in the 10th century. But the powerful Canute the Great (995-1035), king of the newly unified Denmark and Norway and overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania, led two other invasions on England in 1013 and 1015, and became king of England in 1016, after crushing the Anglo-Saxon king, Edmund II.

在此期間，威塞克斯的國(guó)王們進(jìn)行了抵抗，最終在10世紀(jì)征服了英格蘭的丹麥人。新統(tǒng)一的丹麥和挪威，石勒蘇威格和波美拉尼亞的君主-----強(qiáng)大的克努特大帝(995-1035)，在1013年和1015年領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了對(duì)英格蘭的兩次入侵，并在1016年打敗盎格魯撒克遜國(guó)王埃德蒙二世成為英格蘭的國(guó)王。

Edward the Confessor (1004-1066) succeeded to Canute's two sons. He nominated William, Duke of Normandy, as his successor, but upon his death, Harold Godwinson, the powerful Earl of Wessex, crowned himself king. William refused to acknowledge Harold as King and invaded England with 12,000 soldiers in 1066. King Harold was killed at the battle of Hastings (by an arrow in the eye, as the legend as it), and William the Conqueror become William I of England. His descendants have sat on the throne of England to this day.

懺悔者愛德華(1004-1066)是繼克努特兩個(gè)兒子后的稱王。他提名諾曼底公爵威廉作為他的繼承人，但在他死后，有權(quán)有勢(shì)的威塞克斯伯爵哈羅德·戈德溫森加冕自己為國(guó)王。威廉拒絕承認(rèn)哈羅德為國(guó)王，并在1066年率領(lǐng)12000名士兵入侵英格蘭。哈羅德國(guó)王在黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役中被殺(傳說中被箭射中眼睛)，征服者威廉成為英格蘭的威廉一世。他的子孫至今仍坐在英格蘭的王位上。

William I (1027-1087) ordered a nationwide survey of land property known as the Domesday Book, and redistributed land among his vassals. Many of the country's medieval castles were built under William's reign (eg. Dover, Arundel, Windsor, Warwick, Kenilworth, Lincoln...).

威廉一世(1027-1087)下令在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)土地進(jìn)行調(diào)查，并將土地重新分配給他的諸侯。英國(guó)許多中世紀(jì)的城堡都是在威廉統(tǒng)治時(shí)期建造的。（多佛、阿倫德爾、溫莎、沃里克、凱尼爾沃思、林肯…)

The Norman rulers kept their possessions in France, and even extended them to most of Western France (Brittany, Aquitaine...). French became the official language of England, and remained it until 1362, a bit after the beginning of the Hundred Years' War with France. English nevertheless remained the language of the populace, and the fusion of English (a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Norse languages) with French and Latin (used by the clergy) slowly evolved into modern English.

諾曼統(tǒng)治者將他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)保留在法國(guó)，甚至將其擴(kuò)展到法國(guó)西部的大部分地區(qū)(布列塔尼，阿基坦…)。法語成為英格蘭的官方語言，一直到1362年，也就是英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開始后不久。

盡管如此，英語仍然是英格蘭大眾的語言，而英語(盎格魯-撒克遜語和斯堪的納維亞語的混合)與法語和拉丁語(由神職人員使用)的融合慢慢演變成現(xiàn)代英語。

現(xiàn)在你知道為什么英語中有那么多語言融合的痕跡了。